Status of Ichthyofauna under Conservations and Threats in the Historical Pahang River, Pahang, Malaysia



Abstract Views
938

Downloads
106

Citations

Share

##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.sidebar##

Submitted Nov 7, 2022
Published Dec 30, 2022

Abstract viewed = 938 times

Table of Contents

##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.main##

The aim of the present review is based on fish diversity status in the historical Pahang River, Pahang, Malaysia to represent the status of fish composition and its investigation with IUCN status for future monitoring and conservation purposes to the critical fish species. Secondary data were collected from published articles, reviews, field visits, GIS mapping, and books. A total of 259 fish species belonging 19 orders, 50 families, and 146 genera were recorded from the Pahang River waters. Fish from the order Cypriniformes belongings to the family Cyprinidae was documented the most dominant fish group as highest number of species (87 species) followed by the family Siluridae (18 species), Bagridae (16 species), Cobitidae (16 species), Osphronemidae (12 species) and Balitoridae (10 species). Available fishery resources need to be managed carefully as 9 commercial fish species (28.8%) are currently vulnerable and may be extinct in near future. Furthermore, the presence of 14 introduced fish species in the Pahang River waters also requires attention from the respective authorities due to the potential disruption to balance of aquatic systems and ecological circles. Changing land use issues in the Pahang River such as siltation, watershed destruction, rainforest degradation, conversion of wetlands to agricultural and industrial development, land reclamation, mining and logging, construction of barrages and flood mitigation channels. In addition, unstable climatic pattern such as seasonal vast flooding and irregular disturbance by human, illegal and destructive fishing, environmental imbalanced through poisons and pollutants would be significant challenges to the fish diversity management in the historical Pahang River. This study implies to biomonitoring in the Pahang River to ensure sustainable management to aquatic fauna for further studies and development. Thus, effective and necessary mitigation steps should be proposed to protect our valuable bioresources from the Pahang River.

Keywords: Conservations, Ichthyofauna, IUCN status, Pahang River, Threats.

References

  1. Abdullah, K. M., Ismail, F. H., Zamzuri, N. H., Aziz, S. A. A., & Muhamad, R. (2020). Pahang food terminologies: Young generations’ understanding and usage. Journal of Tourism, Hospitality & Culinary Arts, 12, 485–493.
     Google Scholar
  2. Adnan, M. S., Shimatani, Y., & Rashid, Z. A. (2011). Anthropogenic impacts on water quality and water resources of the Pahang River, Malaysia. Hydrological Cycle and Water Resources Sustainability in Changing Environments, 350, 90–97.
     Google Scholar
  3. Ahmad, A., Mazlan, A. G., Rizal S. A., Rahman, T. N. A., Jamil, M., Jacqueline, L., & Abdullah, S. (2005). Freshwater fishes of Sungai Bebar and adjacent areas. In Summary Findings PSF Technical Series No. 4. Peat Swamp Forest Project. UNDP, GEF, Pahang Forestry Department and Universiti Kebangsaan. pp. 145–148.
     Google Scholar
  4. Alfred, E.R. (1965). Rare and endangered fresh-water fishes of Malaya and Singapore. Paper presented at Conference on Conservation of nature and natural resources in tropical South East Asia, Bangkok, Thailand, Nov.29-Dec.4.
     Google Scholar
  5. Ambak, M. A., & Jalal, K. C. A. (2006). Sustainability issues of reservoir fisheries in Malaysia. Aquatic Ecosystem Health and Management, 9, 165–174.
     Google Scholar
  6. Ambak, M.A., Isa M.M., Zakaria, M.Z., & Ghaffar, M.A. (2010). Fishes of Malaysia. Penerbit UMT: Universiti Malaysia Terengganu press.
     Google Scholar
  7. Ambak, M.A., Isa M.M., Zakaria, M.Z., & Ghaffar, M.A. (2012). Fishes of Malaysia. Second edition, Penerbit UMT: Universiti Malaysia Terengganu press.
     Google Scholar
  8. Amin, M. H. M., Chowdhury, A. J. K., Yunus, K., & Nordin, N. F. H. (2015). Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Bacterial Communities and Heavy Metals (Cr, Cd and Pb) Composition in Sediments Along Pahang River, Malaysia. Journal Teknologi (Sciences & Engineering), 77, 71–76.
     Google Scholar
  9. Anon, (2003). Malaysian freshwater Fisheries Research (FFRC) to the fore. In: FRI Newsletter-Profile. pp. 3–4. Fisheries Research Institute, Department of Fisheries, Malaysia.
     Google Scholar
  10. Axelrod, H.R., Emmens, C.W., Burgess, W.E., & Pronek, N. (1996). Exotic tropical fishes. Available from: http://books. google.co.uk/books?id=W6AXAQAAIAAJ T.F.H. Publications (Accessed on 10 July 2013).
     Google Scholar
  11. Baille, E. M., Hilton-Taylor, C., & Stuart, S. N. (2004). IUCN List of Endangered Species. A Global Species Assessment. Gland and Cambridge: IUCN Publication Service Unit.
     Google Scholar
  12. Batvari, B.P.D., Kamala-Kannan, S., & Shanthi, K. (2008). Heavy metals in two fish species (Carangoidel malabaricus and Belone stronglurus) from Pulicat Lake, North of Chennai, Southeast Coast of India. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 145, 167–175.
     Google Scholar
  13. Beamish, F.W.H., Beamish, R.B., & Lim, S.L. (2003). Fish assemblages and habitat in a Malaysian blackwater peat swamp. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 68, 1–13.
     Google Scholar
  14. Benateau, S., Gaudard, A., Stamm, C., & Altermatt, F. (2019). Climate Change and Freshwater Ecosystems: Impacts on Water Quality and Ecological Status. Federal Office for the Environment (FOEN), Bern, Switzerland. DOI: 10.5167/uzh-169641.
     Google Scholar
  15. Bhuiyan, M. A. H., Ismail, S. M., Siwar, C., & Elfithri, R. (2014). The role of natural capital for ecosystem: Focusing on water resource in Pahang, Malaysia. Life Science Journal, 11, 97–101.
     Google Scholar
  16. Biodic, (2013). Threatened Species. Retrieved from www.biodic.go.jp.
     Google Scholar
  17. Chong, V. C. (1984). Prawn resource management in the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia. Wallaceana 34, 3–6.
     Google Scholar
  18. Chong, V.C., Lee, P.K.Y., & Lau, C.M. (2010). Diversity, extinction risk and conservation of Malaysian fishes. Journal of Fish Biology, 76, 2009–2066. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649. 2010.02685.x
     Google Scholar
  19. Choo, C. K., & Liew, H. C. (2005). Exploitation and trade in seahorses in Peninsular Malaysia. Malayan Nature Journal, 57, 57–60.
     Google Scholar
  20. Chua, T. E., Ross, S. A., & Yu, H. (1997). Malacca straits environmental profile. MPPEAS Technical Report 10. Quezon City: GEF/UNDP/IMO Regional Programme for the Prevention and Management of Marine Pollution in the East Asian Seas.
     Google Scholar
  21. Darwall, W. R. T., Smith, K. G., Allen, D., Seddon, M. B., Reid, G. M., Clausnitzer, V., & Kalkman, V. J. (2009). Freshwater Biodiversity: A Hidden Resource Under Threat. Gland, IUCN.
     Google Scholar
  22. Desrosiers, M, Planas, D., & Mucci, A. (2006). Total mercury and methyl mercury accumulation in periphyton of boreal shield lakes: Influence of watershed physiographic characteristics. The Science of the Total Environment, 355, 247–258.
     Google Scholar
  23. Diana, J. S. (2009). Aquaculture production and biodiversity conservation. Bioscience, 59, 27–38.
     Google Scholar
  24. Dubey, V.K., Sarkar, U.K., Pandey, A., Sani, R., & Lakra, W.S. (2012). The influence of habitat on the spatial variation in fish assemblage composition in an unimpacted tropical River of Ganga basin, India. Aquatic Ecology, 46, 165–174.
     Google Scholar
  25. Dudgeon, D. (2003). The contribution of scientific information to the conservation and management of freshwater biodiversity in tropic Asia. Hydrobiologia, 500, 295–314.
     Google Scholar
  26. Eschemeyer, W.N., Frice, R., Fong, J.D., & Polack, D. (2010). Marine fish diversity: A history of knowledge and discovery (Pisces). Zootaxa, 2525, 19–50.
     Google Scholar
  27. FAO, (2016). The state of world fisheries and aquaculture-2016. Contributing to food security and nutrition for all. Rome: Accessed 28 June 2016. http://www.fao. org/3/a-i5555e.pdf.
     Google Scholar
  28. FAO, (2020). The state of world fisheries and aquaculture-2020. Sustainability in action.https://www.fao.org/3/ca9229en/ca9229en.pdf
     Google Scholar
  29. Fischer, J.R., & Paukert, C.P. (2008). Habitat relationships with fish assemblages in minimally disturbed Great Plains regions. Ecology of Freshwater Fish, 17, 597–609.
     Google Scholar
  30. Fleeger, J.W., Carman, K.R., & Nisbet, R.M. (2003). Indirect effects of contaminants in aquatic ecosystems. The Science of the Total Environment, 317, 207–233.
     Google Scholar
  31. Froese, R., & Pauly, D. (2021). FishBase: World Wide Web electronic publication. version (08/2021), available online at https://www.fishbase.org [details].
     Google Scholar
  32. Galacatos, K., R. Barriga-Salazar R., & Stewart, D.J. (2004). Seasonal and Habitat Influences on Fish Communities within the Lower Yasuni River Basin of the Ecuadorian Amazon. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 71, 33–51. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:EBFI.0000043156.69324.94.
     Google Scholar
  33. Goldburg, R., & Triplett, T. (1997). Murky waters: environmental effects of aquaculture in the United States. Washington DC: Environmental Defense Fund. pp. 16.
     Google Scholar
  34. Groves, C.R. (2003). Drafting a Conservation Blueprint: A Practitioner’s Guide to Planning for Biodiversity. Washington, DC: Island Press.
     Google Scholar
  35. Haslawati, B., Chew, P.C., & Rosly, H. (2007). Checklist of native freshwater fishes of Peninsular Malaysia. Department of Fisheries Malaysia, Ministry of Agriculture and Agro-Based Industry, Malaysia.
     Google Scholar
  36. Hendrik, S., & Martens, K. (2005). Aquatic Biodiversity: The Diversity of Aquatic Ecosystems. Developments in Hydrobiology, pp.180.
     Google Scholar
  37. Ho., S. C. (1994). Status of limnological research and training in Malaysia. Limnology, 24, 129–145.
     Google Scholar
  38. Idris, K., Shaffril, H. A. M., Yassin, S. M., Hamzah, A., & Samah, A. A. (2016). Quality of life in rural communities: Residents living near to Tembeling, Pahang and Muar Rivers, Malaysia. PLoS ONE, 11, 1–16.
     Google Scholar
  39. Ismail, A., Amal, M. N. A., Mustafa, M., Aziz, N. A. A., Nadzir, M. N. H. M., & Rahman, F. (2013). A survey on fish diversity in Sungai Enam, Temenggor Lake, Perak. Malayan Nature Journal, 65, 30–37.
     Google Scholar
  40. IUCN, (2001). IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 3.1. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: IUCN Species Survival Commission.
     Google Scholar
  41. IUCN, (2012). IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 3.1. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: IUCN Species Survival Commission.
     Google Scholar
  42. IUCN, (2014). Guidelines for using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria (Version 11). IUCN Standards and Petitions Subcommittee.
     Google Scholar
  43. IUCN, (2015). IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved from www.iucnredlist.org.
     Google Scholar
  44. Jalal, K. C. A., Alifah, F. K., Faizul, H. N. N., Mamun, A. A., Kader, M. A., & Ashraf, M. A. (2018). Diversity and community composition of fishes in the Pusu River (Gombak, Malaysia). Journal of Coastal Research, 82, 150–155.
     Google Scholar
  45. Jalal, K. C. A., Azfar, M. A., John, B. A., Kamruzzaman, Y.B., & Shahbudin, S. (2012). Diversity and community composition of fishes in tropical estuary Pahang, Malaysia. Pakistan journal of zoology, 44, 181–187.
     Google Scholar
  46. Knouft, J.H., & Ficklin, D.L., (2017). The potential impacts of climate change on biodiversity in flowing freshwater systems. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution and Systematics, 48: 111–133. https:doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110316-022803.
     Google Scholar
  47. Leidy, R. A., & Moyle, P. B. (1998). Conservation status of the world’s fish fauna: an overview. In P.L. Fiedler, & P. M. Kareiva (eds.) Conservation Biology for the Coming Decade (2nd edn, pp. 187–227). New York, NY: Chapman & Hall.
     Google Scholar
  48. Leveque, C., Oberdorff, T., Paugy, D., Stiassny, M.L.J., & Tedesco, P.A. (2008). Global diversity of fish (Pisces) in freshwater. Hydrobiologia, 595: 545-567. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-8259-7_53.
     Google Scholar
  49. Leveque, C., & Balian, E. V. (2005). Conservation of freshwater biodiversity: does the real world meet scientific dreams? Hydrobiologia, 542, 25–26.
     Google Scholar
  50. Li, J., Huang, L., Zou, L., Kano, Y., Sato, T., & Yahara, T. (2012). Spatial and temporal variation of fish assemblages and their associations to habitat variables in a mountain stream of north Tiaoxi River, China. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 93, 403–417.
     Google Scholar
  51. Lim K. K. P., & Tan H. H. (2002). Freshwater fish diversity in Peninsular Malaysia: A review of recent findings, Penang, Penerbit Universiti Sains Malaysia, in Ali A., Rawi C. S. M., Mansor M., Nakamura R., Ramakrishnan S., and Mundkur T. (eds), Proceedings of the Asian Wetland Symposium, 2001, The Asian wetlands: Bringing partnerships into good wetland practices, Pulau Pinang, Penerbit, University Sains Malaysia. pp. 461–481.
     Google Scholar
  52. Lim, K.Y., Zakaria, N.A., & Foo, K.Y. (2018). Water and Sanitation During the Flood Disaster: A Community Driven Commitment Towards a Better World. Tudor Rose, pp. 114–116.
     Google Scholar
  53. Lim, K.Y., Zakaria, N.A., & Foo, K.Y. (2020). Water quality assessment of urban catchment after the large-scale flood event: The worst natural tragedy at Pahang River, Malaysia. Desalination and Water Treatment, 175, 32–42.
     Google Scholar
  54. Mace, G. M., Collar, N. J., Gaston, K. J., Hilton,Taylor, C., Akçakaya, H. R., Leader-Williams, N., Milner-Gulland, E. J., & Stuart, S. N. (2008). Quantification of extinction risk: IUCN’s system for classifying threatened species. Conservation Biology, 22, 1424–1442.
     Google Scholar
  55. Magurran, A.E., hachonpisitsak, S., & Ahmad, A.B. (2011). Biological diversity of communities: pattern and process. Journal of Fish Biology, 79, 1393–1412.
     Google Scholar
  56. Nur-Syakeera, M., Mansor, N., Abdullah, S., Jalal, K. C. A., Rimatulhana, R., & M. N. Amal (2019). Assessment of Bacteria and Water Quality Parameters in Cage Cultured Pangasius hypophthalmus in Temerloh, Pahang River, Malaysia. Nature Environment and Pollution Technology. An International Quarterly Scientific Journal, 18, 1479–1486.
     Google Scholar
  57. McAllister, D.E., Hamilton, A.L., & Harvey. B. (1997). Global freshwater biodiversity: Striving for the integrity of freshwater ecosystems. Sea Wind, 11, 1–140.
     Google Scholar
  58. Miyazaki, Y., Kano, Y., Tomiyama, Y., Mitsuyuki, C., & Rashid, Z.A. (2013). Ichthyofaunal assessment of the Gelami and Tinggi Rivers, Pahang River System, eastern Malay Peninsula, following construction of an adjacent building complex. Check List, 9, 1035–1042.
     Google Scholar
  59. Mohsin, A.K.M., & Ambak, M.A. (1983). Freshwater Fishes of Peninsular Malaysia. Universiti Pertanian Malaysia Press, Serdang.
     Google Scholar
  60. Mohsin, A.K.M., & Ambak, M.A. (1996). Marine fishes and fisheries of Malaysia and neighbouring countries. Universiti Pertanian Malaysia Press, Serdang.
     Google Scholar
  61. Mokhlesur, M.R., Mohamed, A., Jalal, K.C.A., Aisha, S., & Kamaruzzaman, Y. (2011). Study on toxic chemicals in Kuantan (Pahang) River during pre and post monsoon season. The 24thRegional Symposium of Malaysia Analytical Sciences, 21–23 November 2011, Langkawi, Kedah, Malaysia.
     Google Scholar
  62. MOSTE, (1997). Assessment of biological diversity in Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur: Ministry of Science, Technology and the Environment, Malaysia.
     Google Scholar
  63. Nehlsen, W., Williams, J. E., & Lichatowich, J. A. (1991). Pacific salmon at the crossroads: stocks at risk from California, Oregon, Idaho, and Washington. Fisheries, 16, 4–21.
     Google Scholar
  64. Nelson, J.S. (2006). Fishes of the world. (4th edition). Wiley.
     Google Scholar
  65. infoNatura. (2007). About the data: Conservation status. Retrieved from www.natureserve.org.
     Google Scholar
  66. Ng, C.K.C., Goh, C.H., Lin, J.C., Tan, M.S., Bong, W., Yong, C.S., Chong, J.Y, Ooi, P.A.C., Wong, W.L., & Khoo, G. (2018). Water quality variation during a strong El Niño event in 2016: a case study in Kampar River, Malaysia. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 190, 402–418.
     Google Scholar
  67. Ng, P. K. L., Tay, J. B., & Lim, K. K. P. (1994). Diversity and conservation of blackwater fishes in Peninsular Malaysia, particularly in the north Selangor peat swamp forest. Hydrobiologia, 285, 203–218.
     Google Scholar
  68. Nordin, E. K. B., & Zin, A. K. M., (1997). Status of rubber processing factory effluent for watercourse discharge. Ensearch, 10, 73–78.
     Google Scholar
  69. Padhi, B.K., & Mandal, R. K. (2000). Applied Fish Genetics. Fishing Chimes Publi.
     Google Scholar
  70. Page, L. M., & Burr. B. M. (1991). A Field Guide to Freshwater Fishes. Houghton Mifflin.
     Google Scholar
  71. Piah R. M., Shariff, D.M., Faez, M., & Badri, I. (2014). Fish diversity and abundance in Bidong Island, South China Sea, Malaysia. AACL Bioflux, 7, 176–183.
     Google Scholar
  72. Radhi, A.M., Fazlinda, M.N., Amal, M.N.A., & Rohasliney, H. (2018). A Review of Length-Weight Relationships of Freshwater Fishes in Malaysia. The Wetlands Diversity, Transylvanian Review of Systematical and Ecological Research, 20, 55–68.
     Google Scholar
  73. Rahim, K.A.A. (2012). Diversity, ecology and distribution of non-indigenous freshwater fish in Malaysia. PhD thesis, Universiti Putra Malaysia.
     Google Scholar
  74. Rahim, K.A.A., Esa, Y., & Arshad, A. (2013). The influence of alien fish species on native fish community structure in Malaysian waters. Kuroshio Science, 7, 81–93.
     Google Scholar
  75. Rajah, D., (1997). Water woes: pollution takes its toll on treatment plants. The Star. 28th Oct. 1997. pp. 1–2.
     Google Scholar
  76. Reid, G.M., Beath T.C., & Csatádi, K. (2013). Global challenges in freshwater‐fish conservation related to public aquariums and the aquarium industry. International Zoo Yearbook, 47, 6–45. DOI: 10.1111/izy.12020.
     Google Scholar
  77. Rezawaty, K. (2004). Taburan ikan di tiga batang sungai di Paya Beriah. [B.Sc. thesis]. Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang.
     Google Scholar
  78. Sara, J.R., Ngoni, A.G.M., Willem, J.S., Gavin. G., & Johan, T. (2012). An ichthyological and bio-monitoring survey of fish assemblages in the Vunduzi River from it source on Gorongosa Mountain to its lower reaches in the Gorongosa National Park, Moçambique. Aquaculture Research Unit, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Limpopo (Turfloop Campus), Sovenga, 0727, South Africa.
     Google Scholar
  79. Shao, N.F., Yang, S.T., Sun, Y., Gai, Y., Zhao, C.S., Wang, F., Yin, X., & Dong, B. (2019). Assessing aquatic ecosystem health through the analysis of plankton biodiversity. Marine and Freshwater Research, 70, 647–655, https://doi.org/10.1071/MF18342.
     Google Scholar
  80. Shuib, A. (1995). Tourism in Taman Negara Malaysia is its contribution as perceived by residents of Ulu Tembeling. Akademika, 47, 37–48.
     Google Scholar
  81. Silk, N. & Ciruna K. (2005). A Practitioner's Guide to Freshwater Biodiversity Conservation; 2005, Island Press, (December 19, 2005).
     Google Scholar
  82. Siow, R., Ramli, M. N., Shakori, M. H. M., & Asmuni, M. (2013). Fish fauna assemblages and their distribution patterns in the north Selangor peat swamp forest. Proceedings of the Seminar on Scientific Biodiversity Expedition, North Selangor Peat Swamp Forest, 28th November 2013, Quality Hotel, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia. pp.77–82.
     Google Scholar
  83. Soule, M. E. 1991. Conservation: tactics for a constant crisis. Science, 253, 744–750.
     Google Scholar
  84. Sukeri, N. F. M., Rashid, Z. A., Saba, A. O., Halim, M. R. A., & Amal, M. N. A. (2020). The influences of water quality on fish occurrences in Kuala Mai, Pahang River and Ulu Tembeling, Tembeling River, Pahang, Malaysia. Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science, 43, 163–182.
     Google Scholar
  85. Sule, H. A., Ismail, A., & Amal, M. N. A. (2016). A review of the ichthyofauna of Malaysian peat swamp forest. Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science, 39, 421–458.
     Google Scholar
  86. Sule, H. A., Ismail, A., Amal, M. N. A., & Syaizwan, Z. Z. (2018). Water quality influences on fish occurrence in peat swamp forest and its converted areas in north Selangor, Malaysia. Sains Malaysiana, 47, 2589–2600.
     Google Scholar
  87. Tachikwa, Y., James, R. Abdullah, K., & Desa, M.N.M. (2004). Catalogue of rivers for Southeast Asia and the Pacific-Volume V. The UNESCO-IHP Regional Steering Committee for Southeast Asia and the Pacific. Accessed at http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0021/002170/217039e.pdf, 23 February 2015.
     Google Scholar
  88. Tan, S. G., & Yusoff, F. M. (2002). Biodiversity in the Straits: what are the opportunities. In: F. M. Yusoff, M. Shariff, H. M. Ibrahim, S. G., Tan, S. Y. Tai (Eds.), Tropical Marine Environment: Charting Strategies for the Millennium, pp. 137–154.
     Google Scholar
  89. Tarkan, A.S., Marr, S.M, Ekmekçi, F.G. (2015). Non-native and translocated freshwater fish species in Turkey. Fishes in Mediterranean Environments, 3, 1–21, https://doi.org/10.29094/FiSHMED.
     Google Scholar
  90. Tejerina-Garro, F.L., Maldonado, M., Ibañez, C., Pont, D., Roset, N., & Oberdorff, T. (2005). Effects of natural and anthropogenic environmental changes on riverine fish assemblages: A framework for ecological assessment of rivers. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology, 48, 91–108.
     Google Scholar
  91. Tsai, W. P., Huang, S. P., Cheng, S. T., Shao, K. T., & Chang, F. J. (2016). A data-mining framework for exploring the multi-relation between fish species and water quality through the self-organizing map. Science of the Total Environment, 594, 474–48.
     Google Scholar
  92. UN, (2015). Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. World population prospects: The 2015 revision, key findings and advance tables. ESA/P/WP.241. Accessed 28 June 2016.https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Publications/Files/WPP2015_Methodology.pdf.
     Google Scholar
  93. Vié, J.C., Hilton-Taylor, C., & Stuart, S. N. (2008). Wildlife in a Changing World – An Analysis of the 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. pp. 51–180.
     Google Scholar
  94. WEPA, (2009). State of Water Environmental Issues: Malaysia. Water Environment Partnership in Asia. Available at http://www.wepa-db.net/policies/state/malaysia/river.htm.
     Google Scholar
  95. World Wildlife Fund, (2021). Freshwater habitat- Overview (online).
     Google Scholar
  96. Wrona, F.J., Reist, J.D., Lehtonen, H., Kahilainen, K., Forsström, L., Wrona, F.J., Reist, J.D., Amundsen, P.A., Chambers, P.A., Christoffersen, K., Culp, J.M., di Cenzo, P.D., Forsström, L., Hammar, J., Heikkinen, R.K., Heino, J., Kahilainen, K.K., Lehtonen, H., Lento, J., Lesack, L., Luoto, M., Marcogliese, D.J., Marsh, P., Moquin, P.A., Mustonen, T., Power, M., Prowse, T.D., Rautio, M., Swanson, H.K., Thompson, M., Toivonen, H., Vasiliev, V., Virkkala, R., & Zavalko, S. (2013). Arctic biodiversity assessment: Status and trends in Arctic biodiversity. Freshwater ecosystems, 443–485.
     Google Scholar
  97. Yap, S. W. (1991). Inland capture fisheries in Malaysia. FAO Fisheries Report No. 458 (Suppl.), pp. 25–46.
     Google Scholar
  98. Yassin, S.M., Samah, A.A., Samah, B.A., Idris, K., Hamzah, A., & Shaffril, H.A.M. (2013). The Sensitivity of Communities towards the Environmental Changes in Tembeling, Pahang and Muar Rivers. Life Science Journal, 10, 2143–2152. (ISSN: 1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 314.
     Google Scholar
  99. Yusoff, F. M., & Gopinath, N., (1995). The status of inland fisheries in Malaysia. In: T. Petr, M. Morris (Eds.) Indo-Pacific Fishery Commission, pp. 225–239. FAO Fisheries Report No. 512.
     Google Scholar
  100. Yusoff, F. M., Shariff, M., & Gopinath, N. (2006). Diversity of Malaysian aquatic ecosystems and resources, Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management, 9, 119–135.
     Google Scholar
  101. Yusoff, F. M., Zaidi, Z. M. & Ambak, M. A. (1995). Fisheries and environmental management of Lake Kenyir, Malaysia. Indo-Pacific Fisheries Commission, FAO Report No. 512.
     Google Scholar
  102. Zakaria-Ismail, M. (1997). Freshwater fish diversity. In State of the environment in Malaysia: A compilation of selected papers at the CAP-SAM National Conference on State of the Malaysian Environment, 5–9 January 1996, pp. 233–237. Penang: Consumers’ Association of Penang.
     Google Scholar
  103. Zakaria-Ismail, M. (1992). Identification of major threats to fish diversity in Malaysia. Proceedings of a Workshop on Conservation and Management of Freshwater Fish and Their Habitats in Peninsular Malaysia, pp. 61–64. The IPT-AWB Collaborative Programme, Kuala Lumpur.
     Google Scholar
  104. Zulkafli, A. R., Amal M.N. A., & Shohaim, S. (2018). Water Quality Influences on Fish Occurrences in Sungai Pahang, Maran District, Pahang, Malaysia. Sains Malaysiana 47, 1941–1951 http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2018-4709-0.
     Google Scholar
  105. Zulkafli, A. R., Amal, M. N. A., Shohaimi, S., Mustafa, A., Ghani, A. H., Hashim, S., & Ayub, S. (2016a). Length-weight relationships of 15 fish species from Tembeling River, Pahang, Malaysia. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 32, 167–168.
     Google Scholar
  106. Zulkafli, A. R., Amal, M. N. A., Shohaimi, S., Mustafa, A., Ghani, A. H., Ayub, S., Hasfairi, M. P. (2016b). Length-weight relationships of 13 fish species from Pahang River, Temerloh district, Pahang, Malaysia. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 32, 165–166.
     Google Scholar
  107. Zulkafli, A.R., Asmuni, M., & Amal, M.N.A. (2015a). Fish diversity of Tembeling and Pahang rivers, Pahang, Malaysia. The journal of biodiversity data, Checklist, 11, 1753. http://dx.doi.org/10.15556o/11.5.1753.
     Google Scholar
  108. Zulkafli, A.R., Amal, M.N.A., Shohaimi, S., Mustafa, A., Ghani, A.H., Hashim, S., Anuar, M.I. & Hasfairi, M.P. (2015b). Length-weight relationships of 20 fish species from Pahang River, Maran district, Pahang, Malaysia. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 31, 409–410.
     Google Scholar
  109. Zulkafli, A.R., Asmuni, M., Hassan, A.G., & Haslawati, B. (2014). Ikan-Ikan Air Tawar Sungai Pahang. Jabatan Perikanan Malaysia, Kementerian Pertanian dan Industri Asas Tani, Malaysia.
     Google Scholar